In India, Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12–35) of the Constitution and are considered essential for the development, dignity, and liberty of every individual. These rights are enforceable by courts and protect citizens from arbitrary actions by the state.
Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)
- Guarantees equality before the law and prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
- Includes abolition of untouchability and titles
Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)
- Covers freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession.
- Includes protection in respect of conviction for offenses and protection against arbitrary arrest and detention.
Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23–24)
Prohibits human trafficking, forced labour, and child labour.
Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)
Ensures freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.
Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)
Protects the rights of minorities to preserve their culture and establish educational institutions.
Right to Constitutional Remedies (Articles 32–35)
Empowers citizens to approach the Supreme Court or High Courts to enforce Fundamental Rights through writs like habeas corpus, mandamus, and certiorari.
Originally, there were seven Fundamental Rights. However, the Right to Property was removed in 1978 by the 44th Amendment and is now a legal right under Article 300-A
